COMPARISONOF MILITARY LEADERSHIP THROUGHOUT THE AGES Essay -- essays r

COMPARISONOF MILITARY LEADERSHIP THROUGHOUT THE AGESNo attraction should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen no leader should fight a battle simply out of pique. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come over again into being nor can the dead ever be brought back to life. Hence the enlightened leader is heedful, and the good leader is full of caution.- Sun Tzu IntroductionTommy Franks, usual of the American Army states that soldeirs should have a high competance in their workplace, are caring, direct to their peers and sub-ordinates, hard and tough in in all conditions, thoughtful to the people of all and most importantly a leader. He states You would have to be a coward if you were a commander and you were not afraid for your men. Understanding that statement leaders is not the same in all levels. Majors and Leuitenant Colenels are not leading a section into battle, but on the flip side you codt see a lance corporal moving battalions stra gecally over the battlefield. This is the fact that leaders of all levels sometimes forget, that everyone in the army is a leader of some respect.Although there are obviously many inspiring leaders, although the following leaders chosen have different appraoaches to the way that they led their country. These leaders certify the way that you can bring a country from strength to strength with leadership skills. These include the up and down life of Sadaam Hussein, Triumph and loss of Adolf Hitler, the approach path from nothing to the conquering Napoleon and finally the comparison of the great to the poor leaders.This essay will enlighten the issues of leadership of well known leaders and equalize them with the text leader from the Australian point of veiw. It will also bring current leaders into a perspective to compare them with the leaders of yesteryear and supply an argument where they may have gone wrong.What is a leader?Australian Defence force definiton of leadership is lea dership is the continuous influencing and directing of men in tasks which they accomplish their willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyalty in the manner urged by the leader. Qualities of leadership involve leading by example with the use of the following traits Motivation, courageousness physical and moral, Decisiveness, Responsibility, iniative, integrity, judgement, knowledge, loyalty, selflessness ... ...e and has no integrity. Saddam did show a lot of initative though, ordering his armies into neighbouring countries and conquering them. On the other hand Napoleon and Alexander the ample are very similar in their leadership traits. This is because Napolean studied many battles of Alexander and moulded himself to act like the leaders of that era. Alexander was the break through of engineering with the long bow and cavalry, where as Napoleon proved Sun Tzu 1963, The Art of War (translated by S. Griffith), Oxford University Press, London, p.10 Most influential people of the world dor 2003. 2030 9th Jan 2004 driveway 10as supraLeadership Theory and Practice - greenas aboveSmall Unit leadershipRitter, S. and Riverspit, W. 2002, War on Iraq What squad Bush doesnt want you to know, Context Books, New York p. 5Harris, B. 2003, URL www.moreorless.au.com/killers/hussein.htm Ritter,Brevic, M 1999, Warfare Alexander the Great, Digital Attack p. 2URLhttp//www.pvv.ntnu.no/madsb/ shoes/war/alex/ General Failings URLhttp//www.insead.fr/mauborgne/newsppracticles/FT/FT%20General%20Failings%20061202.htmas aboveas aboveas aboveas aboveas aboveBrevikas aboveas aboveBrevic

Free Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business Essay

Free Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business With the culmination of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) there have been veryserious implications for Canadian business and for that matter, Canada as awhole. Many aspects of the previous economic climate have changed such asthe reduction or eliminatation of tariffs and the restrictions on subsidiesto name only a few. There has been much heated debate on the pros and consof this destiny whether Canada will prosper or become the 51st. Americanstate. This paper will not take this approach to the issue of whether ornot it is a snotty-nosed agreement, but will look at what business can do to betteritself with the existing FTA. If Canadian business is to survive and prosper in this radicallychanged North American and Global atmosphere of easier trading, then itmust adapt. Some of the main areas that will have to be addressed is theneed for more successful and efficient operations, a new focus by businesson the new trading reality, and a change in policies by Government to change Canada to function better with the FTA. The FTA stands to alter Canadian business which has grown ratherrelaxed and inefficient behind walls of tarrifs. While these may haveinitially spurred industry, they have later on time encouraged complacency.With these rapidly disappearing walls, business will have to become leanand mean in order to compete in a very competitive global market. Lookingat the present state of affairs our status in research and development(R&D), labour costs and expansion, there is much that must be done.Compared to the other industrialized western nations we lag far behind innearly all areas. Take for example R&D. In 1990 Canada spe... ...Cameron, Duncan. The Free Trade Papers. James Lorimor & Company, Publishers,Toronto, 1986The Canada and US FTA (Complete Doccument), External affairs Canada, OttawaLaxer, James. Leap of Faith Free Rade and the Future of Canada. HurtigPublishers, Edmonton, 1986The Case Against the Critics of Free Trade. washbowl Miora. Finanical Post, Feb.8, 1986Brave New World. Marc Tait. Macleans, Jan. 9, 1989Firms going continental. Jennifer Sachsa. Globe and Mail, June 12, 1990Roundtable The Canada-US FTA. Fred Swift. Globe and Mail. August 12, 1988End Notes1 Firms going continental. Jennifer Sachsa. Globe and Mail, June 12, 19902 Brave New World. Marc Tait. Macleans, Jan. 9, 19893 Firms going continental. Jenniger Sachsa. Globe and Mail, June 12, 19904 Roundtable The Canada-US FTA. Fred Swift. Globe and Mail. August 12,1988

The Importance of Caliban in William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

The Importance of Caliban in William Shakespeares The Tempest This thing of darkness, I must acknowledge mine. Although many seem baffled by Shakespeares The Tempest, the plot is not the target to be deciphered. We understand The Tempest through understanding the character of Caliban. Many works highlight the virtuous side of piece temperament, failing to acknowledge the darkness that lives within the hearts of all. The Tempest is not one of these works. This story realizes that it is impossible to have the good aspect of human nature without the bad. Caliban helps the reader realize that the difference between good and bad people is the way in which the hidden dark side manifests itself to the outside world. Ostensibly, The Tempest is a play based around Prospero his power to punish versus his power to forgive. ?Many scholars believe that this is a semi-autobiographical work, written towards the end of Shakespeares literary career?(Davidson 241). This idea is reinforce througho ut the play, especially towards the end and in the epilogue ...my ending is despair, Unless I be relieved by prayer. And Ill break my staff, Bury it in certain fathoms in the earth, And deeper than did ever plummet sound Ill drown my book (i.e. his tools that work the magic) Therefore, our understanding of Calibans position in the play is of great import. Critics debate on whether his... ... Interpretation. In The Tempest A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225-263. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of Critical Essays London MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Solomon, Andrew. A Reading of the Tempest. In Shakespeares Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and capital of Minnesota G. Zolbrod. Athens Ohio UP, 1974. 232-265 John Wilders lecture on The Tempest given at Oxford University - Worcester College - August 4th, 1999.

Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Essay example -- greenhouse gas

Since the industrial revolution, scientists have documented a trend of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas. This observation has been an issue of major(ip) environmental concern in the view of the potentially devastating effects of climate change on ecosystems and human survival. Recent studies by scientists led by Wei-Jun Cai have served to underscore this fact by showing that the natural rubber region and the globe are faced with a major climate challenge due(p) to the continued melting of sea ice in the safe Ocean. This research has indicated that the major concern is the increasing heat absorption as deeper ocean weewee layers get exposed to sunlight as well as the possible loss of white ice reflectivity or the albedo (An Ice-Free Arctic Ocean Will Not Absorb More CO2, n.d).This paper discusses the recent observations that Arctic Ocean basin do not have an indefinite cleverness to continue acting as a CO2 sink when conditions are ice-free cau sed by the escalating warmer temperatures.It is worth noting that sensitivity to climate changes in the Arctic is considered the highest on the Earths surface. In addition, the region experiences more pronounced acidification than any other ocean. Recent decades have seen the Arctic Ocean experience a steady increase in the rate of sea ice melt. According to Cai, et al. (2010), this has been especially so in the light of the indications of the three summers from 2007 to 2009. The recent research by Cai et al. has been built on the postulation that more and more CO2 would be absorbed from the atmosphere under ice-free conditions in the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, the research investigates the touch of sea ice melt on the concentration of CO2 on the surface irrigate of the Ar... ...temperatures will continue causing ice melt in summer. Consequently, the surface water carbon dioxide partial pressure will continue to increase, further reducing the ability of the CO2 sink to take up mor e CO2. The high-resolution survey further points to the fact that the future will see an increased air-sea CO2 flux. This is due to the exposure of more area of sea water as well as long periods when the Arctic Ocean surface will be subjected to ice-free conditions. Though this is expected, the capacity of the CO2 sink in the Arctic Ocean to continue taking up CO2 is predicted to weaken due to equilibration of pCO2 of surface water with the atmosphere. The survey highlights four major factors which facilitate this equilibrium. These accept low CO2 fixation, surface warming, shallow mixed-layer depth, and strong stratification of surface water (Cai, et al., 2010).

Adolecsent Depression Essay -- Suicide Teenagers Depressed Disorder Es

Adolecsent DepressionThe felo-de-se rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade. Recent studies create shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatrical clinics suffer from depression. The majority of teenage depressions can be managed successfully by the primary care physician with the support of the family, says Maurice Blackman MB, FRCPC. Depression has been considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century, affecting approximately eight million people in North America. Adults with psychiatric illness are 20 times more likely to die from accidents or suicide than adults without psychiatric disorder.1 Major depression, including bipolar affective disorder, often appears for the first time during the teenage years, and early recognition of these conditions will have profound effects on afterwards morbidity and mortality. Is depression in ad olescents a significant problem?The suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade.2 Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer. Recent studies have shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression.3 Despite this, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed, track to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment which often continue into adulthood. Why is depression in this age group often missed?Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood lability, gloomy introspection, great drama and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and behavioral experimentation. The physicians challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be lay on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm. Diag nosis, therefore, must rely not only on a formal clinical reference but on information provided by collaterals, including parents, teachers and community advisors. The patients premorbid personality must be taken into account, as well as any obvious or subtle stress or trauma that may have preceded the clinical state. The therapeutic alliance is very important since the ad... ... should the patient be referred to a head-shrinker specializing in adolescents?Referral should be considered under a number of circumstances. If the physician cannot engage in conversation with theteenager because of the patients resistance or the physicians own insecurity almost dealing with this age group, then referral issuggested. This is particularly important if the depression is judged to be severe or if there have been some suicidal concerns.Referral should also be considered if the patients condition does not improve in the expected time or if there is any deteriorationor worsening of the depres sion despite adequate to(predicate) treatment. It should be stressed that the majority of teenage depressions canbe managed successfully by the primary care physician with the support of the family. Works Cited1. Murphy, JM, Monson, RR, Olivier, DC, et al emotional disorders and mortality A general population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44470, 1987. 2. Hodgma, CH, McAnarny, ER Adolescent depression and suicide Rising problems. Hosp Pract 127(4)73,1992. 3. Kovaks, M Affective disorders in children and adolescents. Am J Psychol 44(2)209,1989

Adolecsent Depression Essay -- Suicide Teenagers Depressed Disorder Es

Adolecsent DepressionThe suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than than 200% over the last decade. Recent studies have shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the normal creation have unrestrained problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression. The majority of adolescent depressions can be managed successfully by the primary deal out physician with the support of the family, says Maurice Blackman MB, FRCPC. Depression has been considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century, affecting approximately eight million people in join America. Adults with psychiatric illness are 20 times more likely to die from accidents or suicide than adults without psychiatric disorder.1 Major depression, including bipolar affective disorder, a lot appears for the first time during the teenage years, and early recognition of these conditions will have profound effects on later morbidity and mortality. Is depression in a dolescents a significant problem?The suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade.2 Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer. Recent studies have shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression.3 Despite this, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed, leading to serious difficulties in school, work and personalized adjustment which often continue into adulthood. Why is depression in this age group often missed?Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood lability, black introspection, great drama and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and behavioral experimentation. The physicians challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmen tal storm. Diagnosis, therefore, must rely not only on a formal clinical interview but on information provided by collaterals, including parents, teachers and community advisors. The patients premorbid personality must be taken into account, as well as any obvious or subtle stress or combat injury that may have preceded the clinical state. The therapeutic alliance is very important since the ad... ... should the patient be referred to a psychiatrist specializing in adolescents?Referral should be considered under a number of circumstances. If the physician cannot engage in conversation with theteenager because of the patients resistance or the physicians own insecurity about dealing with this age group, then referral issuggested. This is peculiarly important if the depression is judged to be severe or if there have been some suicidal concerns.Referral should also be considered if the patients condition does not improve in the expected time or if there is any deteriorationor worsen ing of the depression despite adequate treatment. It should be stressed that the majority of teenage depressions canbe managed successfully by the primary care physician with the support of the family. Works Cited1. Murphy, JM, Monson, RR, Olivier, DC, et al Affective disorders and mortality A general population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44470, 1987. 2. Hodgma, CH, McAnarny, ER Adolescent depression and suicide Rising problems. Hosp Pract 127(4)73,1992. 3. Kovaks, M Affective disorders in children and adolescents. Am J Psychol 44(2)209,1989

New labour’s rights policies on inclusive education and rights Essay

To realize advantages and shortcomings of inclusive education in practice we suck up to consider as well whether childrens rights be observed inwardly the context of inclusion as well as to analyse the main provisions of legislative instruments and governmental documents regarding this sphere. This will give us a reform insight of what forces act in the process of transition to inclusive education intensively promoted by new-fashioned repel government and what effect they have upon children-recipients. world(prenominal)ly, the UN host on the Rights of a kidskin has established a near global consensus disturbanceing the minimum necessary rights for children rights to provision, protection and participation the 3 Ps (Pugh 2005, p. 4). The UK does non protrude apart in international processes of providing all children, including the most vulnerable children wit SEN, with the opportunity to exercise these rights.Many observers admit that the election and re-election of more c hildren friendly in the altogether exertion governments in 1997 and 2001 resulted in significant political development for childrens rights, as an extensive range of new policies and laws affecting the lives of children both directly and indirectly have been promulgated (Foley et al. 2003, p. 38). They include Health Action Zones, The baberens Taskforce, The Childrens National Service Framework, The National Childc are strategy, Early Years and Development and Child Care Partnerships, Quality Protects, Removing Barriers to Achievement, Sure Start, Every Child Matters etc.(Pugh 2005, p. 1). Besides, a very beta document was adopted in 2001 a new statutory guidance from naked as a jaybird Labour Government Inclusive Schooling Children with Special Educational Needs (DfES 2001) which sets out the main principles of inclusive education with the right training, strategies and sanction nearly all children with special educational needs can be successfully included in mainstream e ducation an inclusive education service offers simplyice and choice and incorporates the views of parents and children the interests of children must be safeguarded instructs, local education authorities and others should actively seek to remove barriers to learning and participation all children should have access to an leave education that affords them the opportunity to achieve their personal potential mainstream education will not always be right for every child all of the time.Equally, just because mainstream education may not be right at a particular stage it does not prevent the child from being included successfully at a later stage. This document stipulates that schools and local education authorities ability to refuse a mainstream place for a child with special educational needs is mischievously restricted. They are able to refuse a mainstream school place to a child if it would be incompatible with the efficient education of others however, apt steps must be take n to prevent that incompatibility (DfES 2001).The Green Paper Every Child Matters further illustrates New Labours freight to reform services delivered to children, especially those with SEN, with the purpose to provide all of them with the opportunity to be healthy, to stay safe, to have high academic attainments, to participate in disembodied spirit of community, enjoy and develop, and to achieve financial well-being. The revolve about of this document is on early intervention, removing the barriers to learning both physical and social, preventative work and integrated services for children (DFES 2003).The latter(prenominal) provision reasonably stresses importance of transagency collaboration and coordination to achieve better quality of services delivered to children in need. The use of collaborative teaming among maestros, agencies, the child, and family members, the use of the curriculum that focuses on the interactions among the pupil and his/her environments as well as the establishment and use of interagency linkages to facilitate the smooth integration of the child in mainstream school are the most important components of this cooperation (Cheminais 2006, p.19).A crucial motif in such(prenominal) policies is the idea of equal worth and recognition for people deemed to be disadvantaged, marginalised and excluded. Notions of children locked in cycles of personal and social deprivation, excluded, that alike self-excluding, emotionally damaged and lacking confidence and skills permeate these initiatives (Rieser 2000, p. 148).These legal instruments, in actual fact, established broad social investment programmes focusing on attaining such major outcomes for all children, including those with SEN, as to assure them to be healthy, to live in safe environment, to improve their academic achievements, to participate in full footprint in social life, enjoy and develop, and to attain financial well-being (DFES 2003). The government has raised family inco mes by introducing a national minimum wage and through policies such as the working families tax credit (Pugh 2005, p.8).The establishment of a Cabinet Committee on Children and Young good reports Services, and a Children and Young Peoples building block in the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), with a remit to develop a cross-departmental approach to policy as well as administering the Children line with ? 450 million to help to alleviate child poverty and social exclusion (DfES 2003), offer further testament to government commitments to children.The introduction of the National Childcare Strategy and Quality Protects with its strong recommendation that local authorities appoint a Childrens Rights Officer for looked after children, combined with the establishment of the Social Exclusion Unit and a heel of community initiatives such as Sure Start designed to help preschool children, have increased assistance to children and their families, especially in severely disadv antaged areas (Pugh 2005). But any review of the Labour governments record must include brickbats alongside bouquets.New Labour has reduced the number of children in poverty in recent years but the figures remain substantial for a country which ranks among the seven most industrialised nations in the valet de chambre (Corbett 2001, p. 67). Young people under the age of 22, moreover, are exempted from the adult minimum wage of ? 4. 10 (Rieser 2000, p. 154). The centralisation of education, the imposition of national curricula and league tables and the privatising of certain aspects of education, are unlikely to promote childrens participation rights or provide them with a voice in the running of their inclusive schools.Perhaps most significantly, New Labours election has regressed into a populist and authoritarian series of measures, such as curfews and electronic tagging. The Home Office, moreover, encouraged public perceptions of young people as unruly, out of control and requirin g policies which stress containment (Robertson 2003). Indeed, children must be subject to the necessary guidance and discipline of adults, but they have to be partners in this process not just passive recipients, if we talk about real inclusive schooling.In actual fact, legally, the paternalistic notion that the best interests of the child must be saved has increasingly come to be supplemented by the principle that children have a right to express their views and have their wishes taken into account in legal decisions which concern them (Cheminais 2006, p. 23). In particular, the Children Act 2004 carefully straddles the divide between protectionist or paternalist and participatory rights.Its guiding principle is that the childs welfare is paramount, but the legislation also supports the principle that, where possible and appropriate, the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child concerned should inform decisions (HMSO 2004, Part 2). In truth the judiciary continue to interpre t this latter requirement guardedly falling back on paternalistic assumptions of childrens incompetence (Robertson 2003).Thus, it comes as no surprise that Armstrong (2005, p.138) argues that a transformatory agenda of New Labour government may be characterized by the elaborateness of change rather than by any substantive transformation of values and practices. Moreover, contradicting to its own declared values concerning inclusive education New Labour government sees special schools at the front position of the wider education agenda and emphasises the need to recognise and value their contribution within a simulation of inclusion (DfES 2003).It is obvious that continuation of segregated special schools is contravening human rights real inclusion cannot happen in the special school. As recent studies on the trends in the UK educational brass show that he formalisation of dealinghips in education has been encouraged by the growing tendency towards extending the scope of bureau cratic intervention in the everyday life of schools (Atkinson et al. 2002). Increasingly, every aspect of education is subjected to rule-making and regulated through inspection and auditing.As a result of a highly centralised system of education managed by an interventionist bureaucracy little is left to chance (Foley et al. 2003, p. 112). It has been noted that even primary school teachers are allowed little initiative to exercise their professional judgment. The national curriculum dominates the classroom and teachers activity is regulated by the need to respond to the demands of standardised tests and inspections (Thomas & Vaughan 2004, p. 63). The expansion of bureaucratic control is justified on the reasonableness that it ensures the maintenance of standards of education (Armstrong 2005, p.141).While the impact of the standardisation of teaching on the quality of education is debatable, its consequences on the relationship between the different parties teachers, students, loc al authorities, parents are strikingly clear. New Labour government declared that its top priority is raising educational standards it is a great target, but what is troubling that the governments purpose has also been clearly signalled education is valued less for its intrinsic qualities of self-development and more for its contribution to creating a new kind of society (Armstrong 2005, p.136).In that way, future day prosperity of the UK rests with its capacity to develop and harness the skills required to be a significant player in the new knowledge-based international economy. Here it is evident that New Labour government sees the role of education explicitly in terms of social engineering. It means that the inclusion agenda in the UK has a moral and rhetorical appeal, while its conceptual vagueness can be seen after closer analysis. Conclusion.The conducted study demonstrated that there are no simple solutions to the task of inclusive thinking, relations and practice, that h ere is no room for complacency in the pursuit of understanding and implementing inclusive education. Without a doubt, inclusion can make great contribution to tap the participation of all learners and the removal of discriminatory and exclusionary assumptions and practices in schools. Fortunately, recently society has shifted from a sentimental approach to disability to one which concerns entitlement.Inclusive education theorists and practitioners have moved distinctly on from a preoccupation with mere physical location in a school or college and a campaigning for polished rights issues. Physical access and disability rights continue to be ongoing struggles and theoretical concerns but the overriding practical priority in schools is that of coping with difficult deportment and with learning difficulties. Here it is important not to see inclusion as the concern of special educators but of concern to all those involved in the school or college settings.While the earlier integration focus tended to be on physical access and specialist resources, inclusive education implies a shared indebtedness and a joint concern. In such a way, now SEN is at the core of educational agenda, and it is seen as the business of mainstream schools to address basic skills and to meet various(prenominal) needs. If successfully implemented inclusive schooling can give the opportunity for children with a disability to participate fully in all the educational, employment, consumer, leisure, community and domestic activities that characterize everyday society.But to advance an agenda for inclusion and to make the ideals represented in New Labour government policies a meaningful earthly concern in schools, the society has much to do. Our study proves rightfulness of Armstrong arguments that even if being ambitious and extensive New Labours policies promulgating inclusive education do not yielded in practical results for children with SEN. To date they remain in many aspects just a de claration of what changes in education would be implemented, but the rhetoric of change has not been followed by substantive transformation of values and practices towards inclusion.Many children come to school with problems. Recognition of this and sensitivity to it is part of inclusive education as we revealed in our study. A responsive school climate, which views problems as challenges and not obstacles, is a key factor in successful movement to really inclusive education. The focus in it has to be on institutional systems, attitudes, flexibility and responsiveness rather than on the special needs child. In order to provide such a highly developed level of inclusiveness, schools have to be willing to work consistently on improving and adapting both their curriculum and social climate.It has to be a school which relates to individual needs, institutional resources and to community values. Today inclusion in school settings, for all the political rhetoric, remains the cause of a go od deal of anxiety with the vast majority of teachers, parents and children. To work to advance an agenda for inclusion, in the target-driven and achievement-oriented market place that education has become, requires placing emphasis on breaking down the barriers which force exclusion.It means that we have to work on the attainment of a more inclusive society, which is not solely the responsibility of teachers in schools, and which is most likely to be achieved only when we will be able to develop a more equitable educational system. References Ainscow, M. , Booth, T. , Dyson, A. , with Farrell, P. , Frankham, J. , Gallannaugh, F. , Howes, A. & Smith, R. 2006, Improving Schools, Developing Inclusion, Routledge, London. HMSO 2004, The Children Act 2004, HMSO, London. Armstrong, D. 2005, Reinventing Inclusion New Labour and the Cultural Politics of Special Education, Oxford Review of Education, vol.31, no. 1, pp. 135151. Atkinson, T. , Cantillon, B. , Marlier, E. , & Nolan, B. 2002, S ocial Indicators The EU and Social Inclusion, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Booth, T. , & Ainscow, M. 1998, From Them to Us Setting up the Study, in From Them to Us An International Study of Inclusion in Education, eds. T. Booth & M. Ainscow, Routledge, London, pp. 1-20. Booth, T. , Ainscow, M. , & Dyson, A. 1998, England Inclusion and Exclusion in a Competitive System, in From Them to Us An International Study of Inclusion in Education, eds. T. Booth & M.Ainscow, Routledge, London, pp. 193-225. Clark, C. , Dyson, A.& Millward, A. 1998, Introducing the Issue of Theorising, in Theorising Special Education, eds. C. Clark, A. Dyson & A. Millward, Routledge, London, pp. 1-6. Cheminais, R. 2006, Every Child Matters New Role for SENCOs, David Fulton Publishers, London. Clough, P. , & Corbett, J. 2000, Theories of Inclusive Education A Students Guide, Chapman, London. Corbett, J. 2001, back up Inclusive Education A Connective Pedagogy, RoutledgeFalmer, London. DfES 2001, Inclusive Scho oling Children with Special Educational Needs, DfES Publications, Nottingham. DfES 2003, Every Child Matters, DfES Publications, London.Farrell, M. 2006, Celebrating the Special School, David Fulton Publishers, London. Foley, P. , Parton, N. , Roche, J. & Tucker, S. 2003, Contradictory and Convergent Trends in integrity and Policy Affecting Children in England, in Hearing the Voices of Children Social Policy for a New Century, eds. C. Hallett & A. Prout, Routledge, London, pp. 106-120. Mittler, P. 2000, Working Towards Inclusive Education Social Contexts, David Fulton Publishers, London. Pugh, R. , 2005. Whose Children?The State and Child Welfare online. Phoenix, Arizona State University. Available from http//www. asu.edu/xed/lectures/images/Pugh05. pdf Accessed 25 April 2007. Rieser, R. 2000, Special Educational Needs or Inclusive Education The Challenge of Disability Discrimination in Schooling, in Education, Equality and Human Rights, ed. M. Cole, Falmer Press, London, pp. 141-1 61.Rose, R. 2003, Ideology, Reality and Pragmatics Towards an Informed Policy for Inclusion, in Strategies to Promote Inclusive traffic pattern, eds. R. Rose & C. Tilstone, RoutledgeFalmer, London, pp. 7-17. Robertson, C. 2003, Towards Inclusive Therapy Policies and the Transformation of Practice, in Strategies to Promote Inclusive Practice, eds.R. Rose & C. Tilstone, RoutledgeFalmer, London, pp. 97-116. Skrtic, T. M.1995, Special Education and Student Disability as Organizational Pathologies Toward a Metatheory of School Organization and Change, in Disability and Democracy Reconstructing (Special) Education for Postmodernity, ed. T. M. Skrtic, Teachers College Press, New York, pp. 190-232. Thomas, G. , & Loxley, A. 2001, Deconstructing Special Education and Constructing Inclusion, Open University Press, Buckingham. Thomas, G. , & Vaughan, M. 2004, Inclusive Education Readings and Reflections, Open University Press, London.

Monitoring and evaluation Essay

Evaluating study programmes 5 What is impact military rating? 6 Types of evaluation 7 Evidence-based policy making 8 Evaluation questions hypotheses and performance indicators Development Finance (IFMR) Monitoring an Dec 2,2013 2/11 d Evaluation It is a process that increases the range of human choice sen,2000 Development is a multidimensional concept HDI (UNDP) Growth is unidimensional PCI, GDPGrowth and development are dependent two-way causality Inclusive growth or growth with a human face Eradication of capability deprivations hunger, malnutrition, access to healthcare, education, etc. Efficiency vs comeliness Bhagwat vs Sen 3/11 Development economic science as a discipline Emerged in 1940s (following World War II) Asian, African and Caribbean colonies became independent How to achieve development in these emerging economies? Their problems are wholly different from those in advanced countries Need for planning was felt Promoters of development The World Bank and its affiliat es, agencies of I-IN, etc. new evelopment economics went beyond classical(Smith, Malthus, Ricardo) and neoclassical predecessors 4/11 lopment economics as a discipline Why a separate discipline? Development economics consists in part of the refinement of general economics to deal with questions which arise in the context of development, and partly of certain special ideas which have proved helpful in studying developing countries. Bliss, Handbook of Development Economics(1989) Development economics is dead (Hirschman, 1981 Lal, 1983) East Asian Miracle as a triumph of free mart Initial phase industrialisation (Mahalanobis model) inward looking policies

Poverty in Canada or USA

During the period between 1929 and 1953, the United States occupational pay ratios and earning disparity is declined, mainly across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps Brown 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The evidence showed that the condition of income diversity was occurrence in that period. Moreover, the problem of income inequality is declined. But, the problem of income inequality is existed. The government cannot spread the income distibution evenly. Many reasons obstructed the income distribution evenly.In my discussion, I concentrate to explain quin reasons to influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. Changing in social norms is related to the income distributions. Many people think that women represented a cheaper alternative for employers. Their jobs were viewed as temporary to be given up in favor of marri maturate and a home. High turnover combined with a large pool of replacements in any occupation will ladd er to depress wages, but it too means there is no incentive to provide career opportunities or invest much effort to train persons for much than responsibility.Consequently, women tended to fill the more(prenominal) specialized and lower-paying work, while men moved into the new office manager roles. The fact is that clerical, service, and sales work does not yield probatory financial returns to people with more formal education or longer work experience (Bibb & Form, 1977). In large part, this is because most of these are low hood careers, lacking in meaningful promotion opportunities for higher paying positions. The jobs have been filled advantageous position by one sex or the other. The sharpen is strongly influencing the income distributions.The point of the aggregateization is related to the income distributions. Unions have improved wages and benefits, increased job security, and protected workers from discriminatory managerial decisions. Male workers are more likely to be members of trade unions, thus enjoying the advantages of collective bargaining for wages and earning more than women (Flaherty & Caniglia, 1992). Overall, women are about half as likely to be union members as men. Rinehart wrote, ? This accommodation to chapiterist power was formalized in what is known as the post ? V World War II compromise high-risk in the midst of the intense class struggles of the 1940s.This settlement between mash, big capital, and the state featured the establishment of a new industrial relations arranging and stipulated a set of trade ? V off. Unions were legally recognized and accorded organizational security.? (P. 184) Changing in the education level of the population is related to the income distribution. In the U. S, the financial return to a university or college degree also declined during the 1970s. One explanation of this phenomenon was the substantial increase the proportion of the population going to university, particularly the entry int o the labor force of the ? Baby-Boom? generation during the 1970s (Welch 1979).Freeman (1976, 1980) argued that the demand for educated workers also declined, so that not all of the change in relative earnings could be attributed to temporary developments on the supply side. Dooley (1986) concluded that the entry of the large baby? Vboom cohort during this period did lower earnings growth for this group, but that this demographic consequence could not account for the observed harrowing of earnings differentials by level of education. Dooley? s results thus suggest that demand ?V side forces may also have played a role. Changing in the age structure of the population is related to the income distribution. The shapes of the earning streams reflect the main key factors which is earnings increase with age but at a decreasing rate. This concave shape reflects the fact that individuals generally continue to make human capital investments in the form of on-the-job training and work experi ence once they have entered the labor force. This job experience adds more to their productivity and earning s early in their careers due to diminish returns to experience.However, to the extent that education increases productivity, individuals with the same amount of work experience but more education will earn more, perhaps substantially more. Migration is related to the income distribution. sparing theory predicts that the forces of competition would serve to reduce pure regional wage differentials so that they reflect compensating differences, short-run adjustments, or noncompetitive factors. Those forces of competition were the movement of capital from high- to low-wage areas, and the movement of labor from low- to high-wage areas.Empirical evidence tends to verify the implications of migration as a human capital decision. In a recent study, Osberg, Gordon, and Lin (1994) explore the determinants of interregional and interindustry mobility of individuals in the Maritimes. d evelopment the 1986-87 LMAS, they find that younger individuals and those with higher expected wage gains are more likely to migrate. As well, the process of migration tends to reduce the regional disparities that induce the migration decision. In conclusion, the five reasons are influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century.The social norms show that the income inequality is happened between men and women. The unionization shows that the unions have a power to improve the wages and benefits for their members. In this situation, the income inequality is happened between union? s members and non-unions members. Although the demand for education workers was declined, education people still earn more than the uneducated people do because they have an expertise knowledge and experience. Migration is benefits for the young individuals. They can have a chance to prove themselves. Therefore, the movement of migration decreases the regional disparities.

Chinatown

What is the central theme of Chinatown and what key symbols and motifs are used to increase this theme? Fashioned as a great film nior the 1974 classic Chinatown is a crime drama in which central themes coincide with the idea that the domain of a function is an inherently corrupt place where men of vice conquer over the helplessness of the innocent and ignorant. Plot, characters, and setting mark this piece as a neo film nior. However it is the use of pessimistic tone, also found ballpark in many film niors, that sets to assist develop the central themes through common motifs and symbols.The motifs within the film let in the ignorance to truth, an inescapable past, and a daunting fate. We also find abstract ideas within the symbolism Chinatown itself. The term motif may be defined as recurring structures, contrast, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the major themes. With in Chinatown we find that the characters are ignorant to the lay in which they are unabl e to see the truth. Each character is surrounded and involved to some degree within the putrefaction that leads to there down fall.The admirer of the film J. J. Gttes ( Jack Nicklson), a former police officer of chinatown turned private investigator in a neighboring town, spends the majority of the film look into a murder only to find that once he has discovered the murderer that the police are corrupt as they turn a cheat eye. Gittes is ignorant to the fact that not only in Chinatown money is power and those with in power stand above the law. The intertwining of the past and fate that parallel corruption also are used as a motif.The past haunts just about every character to the point that they are unable to overcome the failure of the corruption of the world. It is the past and secrecy of the past the past that becomes the undoing of Evelyn Mulwray (Faye Dunaway), which in turn once again lets the corruption of her father prevail. Symbols within the film include Chinatown. Chi natown is not only the place from Gittes past that haunts him but is also the symbol for corruption in a ity. As lawlessness runs rampant and justice is silence by those in power. The only scene to take place in Chinatown is the final scene in which the story unravels to show the corrupt Noah Cross (John Huston) lordly as he gets away with fraud, incest, and murder. Filmed during a time of political unrest director Polanski film Chinatown may be used as a commentary on the corruption in the institutions that are suppose to provide for the well being of all.

Deceptive Accounting Essay

Fraud and corruption are a menace non only in the poverty afflicted countries, but also in the developed world. The worldwide menace of malpractice attempts to defeat the value to globalization. In the globalized world of investors of the 21st century with its first transatlantic bourgeon exchange, it is necessary to continue reforms to shake off abuses of power at the level of their roots.So, Daniel Quinn Mills, a professor at the Harvard Business School, writes Wheel, Deal, and Steal (2003) to express his belief that CEOs of imperial beard nature are continuing their practice of stealing from investors despite the hue and cry over the fiscal outrages of Worldcom, Tyco, and of course, Enron. The author claims that the rules that have been designed to protect the investors are failing time after time. Hence, Mills details wide-ranging reforms that are possible and should be designed in order to encourage transparency in financial work.Additionally, the author shows how investo rs should, after perusing his book, try to protect the leftovers from corrupt financial practices. Investors may even be able to use Mills advice in recovering their lost moneys. Wheel, Deal, and Steal claims that investors are being cheated at many different levels. The auditors and the CEOs may all be conglomerate in financial maneuver for a variety of reasons, the main one being that they all want to pocket greater earnings without sharing them with investors.Moreover, the rules of law and ethics do not seem to be doing a great job in controlling accounting fraud. There is a basic clash of interests between the investors and the corporations that the investors were meant to fundamentally entrust for the protection of their particular interests, that is, to create more earnings for themselves through their investments. These departure of is the concept of alienation put forth by Karl Marx. According to Mills, even the personal credit line market crash had this conflict of int erests at its core.It is not about the accounting scandals of recent times alone. Rather, the problem is deep rooted as it is a conflict of power and money. The CEOs try to pocket as much money as possible sometimes at the expense of the investors. Originally, however, shareholders were meant to be the owners of the Statesn enterprises, and the executives were to act as the agents of the investors. But now, executives are the only ones making fortunes for themselves and expanding their own power in the corporation.Investors, on the other hand, are left far behind in the ferment of business. Mills offers plenty of accounting information in his book that investors should want to understand in order to gain mastery over the accounting malpractice techniques that are used to give them losses in stead of the gains of ownership. While power had been shifted from the hands of the investors to the households of the executives, the executives and their auditors had been using creative accou nting to defraud the investors.The techniques of creative accounting should be learned by the ordinary investor who may from now want to replace the all-powerful executive in favor of a team of managers that should work on behalf of the investors alone. Mills advises investors to take charge through his book by informing them that only they are the ones that seem to be staying behind. The attorneys, the auditors, and the investment banks are all involved in corporate fraud that is deliberately designed to give less to investors (who are generally greater in number).The parties sharing the greater profits by defrauding investors mainly seem to be the executives of investment banks, law firms, accounting firms, and the corporation itself. The author explains that the executives of big corporations have established compliance in their systems wherewith they do not only defraud their gullible and valuable investors without a sound from the latter but they have also developed compliant t eams of accountants and boards of directors.After devising financial malpractice, the executives had to do deals that would look effective in their financials and get approval from auditors and boards for misleading financial reports. Finally, they had to cash in their options before the frauds and other misrepresentations were discovered (8). Mills reminds us that the CFO of WorldCom, Mr. Scot Sullivan the CFO of Enron, Mr. Andrew Fastow and the CFO of Tyco, Mark Swartzall were smooth operators who had been given excellence awards by the CFO Magazine.Furthermore, Fortune Magazine had given awards to Enron for being the intimately admired company along with Citigroup. In addition, Enron had been lauded every year from 1996-2001 for high achievement in innovation. The executives seem to be fooling everybody. What is more, the author of Wheel, Deal, and Steal blames the federal official Reserve for harnessing Mr. Brooksley Born, the chief executive of the CFTO, by telling him to sta y out of the business of derivates. Thus, everybody seems to have been involved in the creation of a financial scandal whenever it has happened.While some may formulate deficient laws and others may unwisely supervise the financial practices of a corporation, the entire system appears to be flawed. A all-inclusive effort to eliminate the problem of corporate fraud is therefore needed on the part of the financial system as a whole, including the supervisors. Mills provides good insights into the functioning of both the Commodities Futures Trading Corporation and the Federal Reserve while offering his advice on the reform of the system. This book also is a reminder that the profits bubble is over and the undermentioned bubble might be of hedge funds or the funds of hedge funds.Investors must be prepared for the next bubble with an increase in consciousness with respect to their precious moneys invested for greater earnings. Thus, the book is an essential read for investors who are ready to work for change. Mills advises that the regimen must be held responsible for punishing corrupt executives of various corporations. Besides, the good work of eliminating fraud must be continued given that democracies also ensue corruption at several levels, mostly having to do with the cream of supervisors or top management at accounting firms as well as restrictive agencies.The latter are responsible for making good regulations to check corporate fraud. However, investors must take charge to get regulatory agencies and the government as a whole involved in the process wherever the regulations and policies appear impotent. To increase the awareness of the investors and hopefully to push them to take action with regards to the regulation of their investments, Mills book answers the following questionThere are many Americans now in the stock market, and if we are sufficiently upset about our losses, politicians and courts may act. Estimates are that the proportion of U. S. households that owned stocks or coarse funds has grown from 19% in 1983 to 49. 5% in 2002 and the proportion of single individuals who own stocks or mutual funds has grown from 42% in 1983 to 84% in 2002. If investors exert their potential influence, can we create a safer, more reliable, more honest America? (10).

Goldilocks Point of Sale

1. 3 Statement of the problem There are several problems in computing the sales victimisation calculator that the owner sometimes encountered. 1. 3. 1 General Problem This study will involve to answer this General question Will it be recyclable for the lodge to have a Point of Sale? 1. 3. 2 Specific Problem Specially, this study sougth to answer the following question * What is the existing system of the company? * What is the advantages and disadvantages of a point of Sale (POS)? Will the company be able to see pictures of their products in the proposed system? 1. 4 Objective of the study The main aim of this study is to design a point of Sale for goldilocks Macabebe Branch. 1. 4. 1 General Objectvie This study will flip a point of sale for goldilocks Macabebe Branch. And the most common problem in the store is having their difficult time in keeping the sale of record using the manual record method. The researcher had decided to make a system Exclusively for Goldilocks Macab ebe Branch.To make their work easier and faster so that they can lessen the time they used in keeping records. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objective The study is design to fulfill this intent * To design and develop a Point of Sales System for Goldilocks Macabebe Branch. * To have a computerized system that will be able to save filefor their products. * To have an automatic calculations of their daily sales. * To reveal the advantages and disadvantages of having a Point of sale (POS). * To make their work easier and faster. 1. 5 Hypothesis of the Study.The proponents hypothesized that the proposed Goldilocks Macabebe Branch Point of Sale (POS) will let the Company their computerized records and pictures of their products and an automatic computation of their sales every day. some of their problem are on manual process taking a long time of work to encode the cakes and pastries. The proponents added more options related on other(a) system like processing to make the system better. They only h ave a manual process that work slowly, the proponents assumed that the program processes work quickly. 1. 6

Rabindranath Tagore Story & Poem Essay

A Nandalal Bose illustration for The Hero, part of the 1913 Macmillan release of The Crescent MoonThe Sadhana period, 18911895, was among Tagores or so fecund, yielding more than half the stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, itself a group of eighty-four stories. 18 They reflect upon Tagores surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on mind puzzles. Tagore associated his earliest stories, such as those of the Sadhana period, with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity these traits were cultivated by zamindar Tagores life in villages such as Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida.Seeing the common and the poor, he examined their lives with a depth and feeling singular in Indian literature up to that point. 79 In The Fruitseller from Kabul, Tagore speaks in first person as a town-dweller and novelist who chances upon the Afghani seller. He channels the longing of those trapped in mundane, hardscrabble Indian urban life, giving play to dreams of a different exist ence in the distant and wild mountains There were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world.At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it I would fall to weaving a network of dreams the mountains, the glens, the forest . . 80 Many of the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagores Sabuj Patra period (19141917 also named for one of Tagores magazines). 18 A 1913 illustration by Asit Kumar Haldar for The first gear, a prose-poem in The Crescent MoonTagores Golpoguchchho (Bunch of Stories) remains among Bengali literatures most popular fictional works, providing subject matter for opusy successful films and theatrical plays.Satyajit Rays film Charulata was based upon Tagores controversial novella, Nastanirh (The Broken Nest). In Atithi (also made into a film), the untested Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a vi llage zamindar. The boy reveals that he has run away from home, only to wander around ever since. Taking pity, the zamindar adopts him and ultimately arranges his espousals to the zamindars own daughter. However, the night before the wedding, Tarapada runs offagain.Strir Patra (The Letter from the Wife) is among Bengali literatures earliest depictions of the bold emancipation of women. The heroine Mrinal, the wife of a regular(prenominal) patriarchical Bengali affection class man, writes a letter while she is travelling (which constitutes the whole story). It details the pettiness of her life and struggles she finally declares that she will not clear to her husbands home with the statement Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum And I shall live. Here, I live.Haimanti assails Hindu marriage and the dismal lifelessness of married Bengali women, hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes, and how Haimanti, a sensitive young woman, mustdue to her sensitiveness and free spiritsacrifice her life. In the last passage, Tagore directly attacks the Hindu custom of glorifying Sitas attempted self-immolation as a means of appeasing her husband Ramas doubts. Musalmani Didi examines Hindu-Muslim tensions and, in many ways, embodies the essence of Tagores humanism.Darpaharan exhibits Tagores self-consciousness, describing a fey young man harboring literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to stifle her own literary career, deeming it unfeminine. Tagore himself, in his youth, seems to have harbored similar ideas about women. Darpaharan depicts the final humbling of the man as he acknowledges his wifes talents. As do many other Tagore stories, Jibito o Mrito equips Bengalis with a ubiquitous epigram Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more naiKadombini died, thereby proving that she hadnt.

The Environmental Case Analysis Of Ryanair Commerce Essay

In an administration the about of import characteristic is its strategy, because scheme is the characteristic which gives the agencies to the house to be victoryful. This is an effectual long-run method to carry on an administration to make its aims and ends to catch unitarys breath set on its matched dodge The range of this essay is to confer with the strategic analysis of environment and the attention together with the comp whatsoever s present strategic picks, and besides it is requested to urge saucily strategic enterprises and countries for mitigateing scheme exe burn upion for the senior(a) hireion squad of Ryan blood.This is conducted with the wont of six strategic theoretical accounts ( SWOT, PESTLE, Porter s Five Forces, strategical root words, pass judgment Chain and VRIO ) that atomic number 18 recommended to be used to analyze the internal and external environment of the company. for each one theoretical account will be military issuen in to deliberati on and discussed cargonfully to foreground what had bring forth the instance for the negative perceptual experience and the positive perceptual experience of both the leaf nodes and the companies towards its gro locomote and sustainability accordingly this instance survey will be analysed to trap point on what should be done for the future strategic direction of the company. Out of alone the showtime menu production line hoses in the European diligence Ryan publicize takes the lead. This air hose nevertheless is from Ireland and its ca erect office is situated in Dublin. London Stansted Airport in UK is its chief operational base. Ryanair is take a crapd as the largest deplor equal woo be ber and the is the third largest air hose in the history of rider addss. To offer- secure, cost combative and efficient in services in the air hurtle- bulge trucking and to retain their employees dedication and devotedness to carry by the aims of the persistence, to keep minimal crit erion of on s remove public presentation rate while follo acquireg will all t hoar application ordinances and to wipe out an environments where self-respect and house restrict values be being utilized.AimsTo accomplish gross growing yearlyTo take on hold uping a bigger merchandise portionTo hold a part leaf node service than their rival companiesTo hold a stronger reverence imageReputes with clients than challengersTo be recognized as a leader among air hose industriesTo vie in the planetary marketTo hold a inactive rivalrous advantage( Marivic.B 2009 )3.0 Micro environment analysis ( Internal analysis ) Administrations create worth of client value being measured by a merchandise public presentation characterises and by the assign which clients be willing to pay, by using the capcapablenesss and resources that atomic number 18 found internally and making the demand of meter planetary emulation. These peculiar aggregation of capablenesss and resources which gives the sole advantages to the administration are thence measured as burden competences Carpenter, Bauer, Erdogan ( 2009 )3.1 SWOT analysis ( Strength and Weaknesses )StrengthsThe lowest cost in contrast to all the other LCC in EuropeThe low cost leading had made it stand out from the sphere of LCC pains in EuropeThe universe s most bankable air hoseHarmonizing to the instance Ryanair was the most profitable air hose in the universe on the footing of its operating and net net income border, on per air hose and rider footing.Brand acknowledgmentIt is claimed harmonizing to the instance that Ryanair s web site was the largest become web site in Europe and the fifth most recognized trade name in GoogleThe attitude of No frill Low menuTo get the break dance of the failing of low riders the air hose restyled the system with this attitudeCompared to other LCC air hoses Ryanair has the most riders42 million riders in 2007 more or less sum of bases with most sum of aircraftsHarmonizing to th e instance survey Ryanair has flown from 16 bases with over 100 impertinently Boeing 737-800 intercourse farther 138 new air trades duplicating the sizeHighest control in the EU low cost market29.9 % from the full Low cost marketBing the youngest fleet of all the major air hoses in the EUReplacing its fleet of old aircrafts with new, more eco friendly aircrafts, minimising the mean age of its fleet to 2.4 old ages.FailingsWheelchair coursers horrid repute and ethical issues reflected when ryanair charged 18 lbs to utilize a wheelchair and in response to the protest it minify the charge to 50 cents wheelchair toll on every rider ticketPoor service spiritThe small legroom and unfriendly staff being the worst portion of Ryanair s know-howExcess charge for nutritious and baggage sCarryon baggage s being limited and doing them look into in bags leting the riders to walk in with lower limit of clasp baggageBad relationship with the pilotsRyanair has bullied pilots to coerce them to h old to new contracts wherer they would hold to pay 15,000 francs for retraining on new aircrafts if they left the air hose.Airports in the suburbsAway from the chief chief city make the clients inconvenient damaging response by the riders for the extra servicesHarmonizing to the instance non all adjuvant services enterprises were successful in 2005, riders were opposition to pay extra sum because they thought it is non a worthy investing for a short flight.3.2 The Value concatenationInfrastructure of the houseAround Europe Ryanair has 16 bases holding the chief bases in Stanstead and Dublin. The coursers of Ryanair airdromes are low referable to its usage of airdromes that are significantly off from the congested chief airdromes. As adaption for surcharges are non included for fuel they have to tenderloin costs of on other ways with implementing coursers for the usage of wheelchairs, nutrient and excess baggage s. Ryanair holding one type of aircrafts ( boeing 737 ) they merel y have to develop the pilots to wing thos peculiar plane hence can cut implement costs as they do non hold to be sent to assorted courses.The hierachial construction of Ryanair is very effectual as the directors have to describe to the caput executive officer to do determination from the information given. gay Resource directionHaving the employees sleep in the bases and non holding them remain in hotels has made Ryanair cut down costs. Ryanair can do future programs since they have a penny-pinching roll for most of their workers holding 4 yearss on and 3 yearss away.Technological developmentOnline engagement was introduced by Ryanair for the first clip and on that pointfore they became eligible to cut down their costs. Self-check service enabling to the riders was besides introduced excessively therefore Ryanair was able to cut down staff and cost. Having the youngest fleets in the EU made Ryanair reduced in costs for the new planes.ProcurementRyanair merely supplying a servic e and holding to outsource the stuff they need. in add-on to that they have to purchase fuel and equipment jointly with renting planes.Inbound logisticsOut sourcing of managing services is really common fir a concern like thisI.e. cleansing service, nutrient, medical services and security/safety.OperationssBefore puting off it is a must to look into out all the planes and equipments by the pilots and the airdromes used are non really engorged and merely do point to debate tripsSelling and gross revenuesHaving the biggest web site in Europe and holding big advertisement boards made them increment in gross revenues and selling. However the effort of presenting the amusement installation onto flights where clients had to pay more was failed as deal refused to pay due to short journeysServiceHaving tried to maintain the fleet up-to-date and allowing the staff go on class one time a twelvemonth to better their cognition and doing certain they know all the new ordinances made Ryanair proponentful on services every bit good.3.3 VRIO Analysis Resources and capablenesss can be regard as things that an organisation ain. It is indispensable to contract down and clear up the nucleus competences to generalise the significance of the different organisational public presentations. If an organisations resource and capablenesss are valuable, rare, inimitable and nonionized so it will direct to a sustainable competitory advantage. The internal analysis can therefore be analyzed by dint of this base of VRIO model. Carpenter. M, Bauer. T, Erdogan.B ( 2009 )Analysis of the instanceRecoursesValuableRareInimitabilityOrganizedCompetitive Deduction( 1 )Human ResourcesNoNoNoNoCompetitive disadvantage( 2 )Finance ResourcesYesYesYesYessustainable competitory advantage( 3 )Tangible assetsYesNoNoYesCompetitive Parity( 4 )Intangible assetsYesYesYesYesSustainable competitory advantage( Table 1 )The human resource of Ryanair is a competitory disadvantage as it full(prenominal)lights o n bad relationship with pilots therefore it is non valuable it is non rare it is inimitable and it is non organized as it is non effectively arranged and deployed in the market.The Finance resources of Ryanair is valuable, it is rare, it can non be imitated by other air hoses and it is good unionized and efficaciously arranged in the market therefore it is a sustainable competitory advantage.The touchable assets of Ryanair i.e. the aeroplane types etc are valuable but they are non rare they can knock them any rear and the planes are imitable as any other company could hold the same sort of flights. They are really good organized with the youngest planes and eco friendly with better air hoses to come in to the house in the hereafter. Thus it has a competitory para.The intangible assets of Ryanair particularly the trade name acknowledgment are valuable they are rare and they are inimitable and they besides efficaciously assist the administration to be organized. Thus it is a sustai nable competitory advantage.4.0 External analysis4.1 SWOT analysis ( Opportunities and Threats )OpportunitiesGross saless additions due to recognition crunchAs a consequence of the new-made recession the recognition crunch made the gross revenues addition as many clients wanted to cut down their costs.Can fall in the long draw market incursion by the contingency of taking over Aer LingusAs the consequence of losing the command Miceal OLeary assumed that Aer Lingus can be bought over as it has no long term hereafter.Most paths are being clear as other bearers latch on retreatingAs the clang increase with the paths of Ryanair other air hoses such as My Travel Light are avoiding the paths all together.MenacesMenaces due to accidentsIf an accident evanesce in a LCC air hose it will Marjory tinct the house as there are a really gamy per centum of important cut down in demandAttacks of terroristsAttacks like 9/11 will cut down the demand for air hoses.Increasing fuel monetary valueR yanair restricting its ability to go through on increased costs to the riders of low menu puting excess menu on the bearers as a policy to happen cost economy in other domains of its operations taking Ryanair for hedge.Possibility of revenue sweetening unveilingDue to planetary heating there can be a environmental revenue enhancementIncreased competition from developing statesEasyjet holding and excess skyttax starFor website engagement and client support Ryanair scored 1/5 in nine of the 16 standard s. ( Bitterwallet nd )4.2 The PESTLE analytical technique( Figure 1 ) The Macro Environmental analysis, What makes a good leader?PoliticalOne of the important advantages to Ryanair is its political environment as the majority of its processs are controlled within Europe. This part maintains political stableness and it was a fact that we all knew. Even when there is authorities instability Ryanair does non see issues as an apprehensiveness sing rider volumes or flight finishsEconomicF or the air hoses industry the increase of fuel monetary value caused a major job they had to cut corners if they did non belie to roll up cost on other countries. There can be seen a gloaming in demand for the flights due to the recent economic crisis. Hence occupation cuts increased and clients have low disposable income barricading them to pass on holidaies. However this could be an advantage for other cheaper air hose industries as there are people who are still able to afford a holiday as they are looking for lower cost options.SocialThis factor has by and large impacted Ryanairs concern scheme. The foretaste of Buyer behaviour are dismission bit by bit more complex to point as trueness are being shifted by the modern consumers from one trade name to anther due to the distinction of monetary value and deficiency of basic purchaser dependability. In add-on to that the increasing competition among bearers with low cost menu is ensuing in consumers mentally in which bearer to take when going within Europe finishs.TechnologicalThe modern epoch is beforehand in engineering which means that the full industry is under alteration with more eco friendly and efficient. Online engagement is one major betterment Ryanair has technological overbold holding the most visited travel web site in Europe together with the fifth most recognized trade name on GoogleLegalThe to a great extent regulated industry with Torahs that are invariably accommodating to new modifiers by non leting liquid in the clients carry on baggage s conveying the legal facet of Ryanair in to action. The new Torahs that implies to air hose industries are the Torahs that are put across the industries to be more environmentally friendly. This will therefore take to companies fight ting to cut down C emanation and do the industry less harmful to the environment to run into the footings of EU ordinances.EnvironmentalThe external environment of Ryanair is slightly stable. However understanding the con sumer behaviour is Ryanairs biggest job together with utilizing selling applications to better full purchaser backing and gross revenues public presentation.4.3 Porters Five ForcersThe instance survey will be discussed through the porters five forces analysis. This analysis is a really powerful yet simple technique to happen out where the power stays in a concern. This technique is used to grok the strengths of the present competitory place and the hereafter where Ryanair is willing to travel in.HighMediumLowHighMediumDickering power of providersIn the air hose industry there is a little figure of low menu air hoses, therefore it shows a high exist harmonizing to the instance Ryanair is being chosen by many clients for its lowest monetary value. However by any opportunity if there is a monetary value rise clients have a high potency of exchanging to another trade name in brief clients have no trueness towards one trade name. Which gives the consequence as dickering power of the pro viders is low.Dickering power of purchasersThe potency of exchanging to other air hoses are really common with LCC s since the clients are merely looking for the cheapest. Therefore if Ryanair increase the cost under any circumstance there is a possibility of losing client. In that instance its evident that purchaser bargaining power is high.Competition of rivalsAs a consequence of slow growing in the industry most bearers find it hard to win the opportunity of sequence is limited to a few houses because of the competition for market portion. The high fixed cost and low merchandise distinction leads to high competition menace. This shows with Air Ligus, GlyBe and Easyjet following the similar way of Ryanair.Substitution MenaceThere are many replacements for long trip i.e. Trains Buss, autos, ferries. However one can non compare a plane with all of the above mentioned options and a plane travel faster than any of them. Therefore utility menace is moderate.The menace of new entryAirli ne industry is non the easiest to come in it has a batch of barriers. Ryanair is the market leader and with the executions of new ordinances and the force per unit area to cut down C emanation makes it a moderate menace of new entry to the market.4.4 strategic companysQuality321CostHarmonizing to the dimensions of quality and cost of the full industry ( Refer appendix 1 )1st group go under the same strategic group as they have same scheme of low cost leading.2nd group chiefly mathematical process to the people with a moderate income degrees and moderate cost therefore they have the same scheme of strong suit cost leading scheme.3rd group falls under the same strategic group, as they have the same scheme of high cost high quality.Profitableness321Number of ridersHarmonizing to the dimension of profitableness and figure of riders of Budget air hose industry( Refer appendix 1 )1st group falls under the same strategic group as they have low net income and lowest figure of riders2nd group falls under the same strategic group as they have medium profitableness and medium sum of riders going3rd group falls under the same strategic group as they have high profitableness and the highest figure of rider5.0 Strategic picks and the recommended schemeThe strategic model of alteration directionThis model helps Ryanair to understand the significant alteration over recent old ages and the importance of organizational civilization to organisational analysis. It besides can be used to place the cardinal stairss that could better the direction of alteration. However harmonizing to the Ryanair instance survey direction is up to a good criterion and hence alteration direction is least of importThe strategic model for advertisement rivalsThis model can be implemented to Ryanair as it had an incident with a client where she was mislead by an advertizement, yet this model is besides a less of importThe strategic model for Customer Relationship ManagementThis model is used to broa den the apprehension of CRM.Negative response by the riders for the extra servicesBad relationship with the pilotsPoor service qualityThese are some of the failings Ryanair s CRM come across therefore to make full the span of the spread among negative attitude towards Customer relationship and to do it more favorable it is a must for ryanair to sign on the CRM.If Ryanair take this strategic frame work in to action they will be able toBecomeThe most favorable air hose in the industryThe most profitable compute air hoseThe positive word of oral cavityThe well recognized trade name in the industryFurthermore with Customer relationship direction the internal market will be looked in to with a positive position when the employees are motivated and when there is a beginning for habit acknowledgment therefore employees will be treated good which will take to an overall success of the air hose6.0 DecisionRyanair instance survey was analysed through six analytical techniques ( SWOT, PEST LE, Porter s five Forces, Value concatenation, VRIO and strategic groups ) .Based on the analyzers the direction can now understand that in order to better the strategic execution they must follow the strategic model of Customer relationship directionIt helps to bridge the spread and to run into their aims.Therefore when the recommended model is implemented the vision of Ryanair can be reached easy.7.0 ReferencingBeamish. H.R, 2008 Strategic direction, 3rd edition, Pearson assimilator Hall worldly-minded L.J, Duhaime.I.M, Stimpert J.L, ( 1999 ) Strategic Management a managerial position, 2nd Edition, Dryden imperativeness, USABourgeois L.J, Duhaime.I.M, Stimpert J.L, ( 1999 ) Strategic Management a managerial position, 2nd Edition, Dryden imperativeness, USACarpenter. M, Bauer. T, Erdogan.B ( March 2009 ) , Developing scheme through internal analysis Principles of direction, , Retrived on 15th April 2010 fromhypertext transport protocol //www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/princ iples-management/29045Carpenter. M, Bauer. T, Erdogan.B ( March 2009 ) , Developing scheme through internal analysis, Principles of direction and Organisational Behaviour, , Retrived on 15th April 2010 fromhypertext assign protocol //www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/principles-management-and-orga/32825De Puget.G, 2003, Gallic accent mark Ryanair Slow on Emotion, Brandchannel, Retrieved on 11th April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.brandchannel.com/brand_speak.asp? bs_id=72Eerste. P de, ( 2008 ) , Boeing 737-800 RyanAir Textures, Retrieved on twenty-fifth April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=itemHYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ID=60 & A pageboy=9 & amp HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ID=60 & A page=9 ID=60HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ID=60 & A page=9 & amp HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ID=60 & A page=9 page=9GRUNDY, T. ( 2006 ) Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter s five forces theoretical account. Strategic Change. Vol 15, No 5, August. pp213-229.hypertext transfer protocol //www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/porter-5-forces.phpHaberberg, A. and Rieple, A. ( 2001 ) , The Strategic Management of Organizations, Essex Pearson Education Limited.Johnson, G. , & A Scholes, K. ( 1997 ) . Researching corporate scheme ( 4th ed. ) . London Prentice HallJohnson G, Sholes K, Whittington R, ( 2005 ) Researching Corporate Scheme text and instances 7th Edition, London Prentice HallMarivic.B, 2009, Ryanair fiscal aim, cerebration made easy, Retrieved on 11th April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol //ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/03/ryanairs-financial-objectives.htmlMun.J, ( 2008 ) Analysis of Ryanair s Competitive Advantages Business HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //www.associatedcontent.com/business/ ? cat=3 & amp HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol //www.associatedcontent.com/business/ ? cat=3 Finance, Retrieved on 17th April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1159874/analysis_of_ryanairs_competitive_advantages.htmlPorter s five forces, Mind Tools retrieved on 12th April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htmRyanair, Airfearsflights nd retrived on 10th April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.airfaresflights.co.uk/airlines/RyanairFigure 1hypertext transfer protocol //www.whatmakesagoodleader.com/macro-environment-analysis.html8.0 Appendixs

Brutus: the Tragic Hero

Brutus The Tragic Hero A sad hero is a character who is non eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice and depravity, but by some error or frailty. Brutus fits the definition of a tragic hero because of his lust for baron, his tragic crack, and his downfall. So, because of heroic qualities and unretentive pattern, Brutus is the tragic hero of William Shakespeares Julius Caesar. To begin with, Brutus lust for power is one of the many ways that make him to be the tragic hero.It all started when the conspirators and himself discussed/planned the assassination of Caesar. During the accord and arrangement of the assassination, is when Brutus gains his power and gets what he wants. He then gets more involved with the killing of Caesar, devising him spirit more powerful. Ay, every man away. Brutus shall lead, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. (iii, I, 119-121). Although Brutus can integrity handily take ove r the conspirator group and over rule Cassius, as a tragic hero he is to begin to lose power.This takes place throughout the falling action in act4 when Antony makes the enraged mob turn against him. It will eventually lead up to his untimely death/downfall. Secondly, the fact that Brutus has a tragic flaw is another way that makes him the tragic hero. His tragic flaw would be being to dreadful which leads to naivety and allows him to be deceived by the characters (mainly Antony) and to his downfall. He shows his flaw by over trusting Antony to speak at Caesars funeral even when Cassius advised him otherwise, but still Brutus did not listen. Brutus, a word with you. You know not what you do do not consent that Antony speaks in his funeral know you how much the people may be move by that which he will utter? (iii, I, 232-234). Brutus then fails to listen to his conspirators as they try to persuade him. This demonstrates his tragic flaw clearly as he trusts Antony not to deceive h im, and is too naive of his true motives because of his judgment overruling his want of giving Caesar a proper memorial (in order to show his honor).Lastly, Brutus downfall of him dying at the end of the play also shows of him being the tragic hero. Him committing his suicidal death/downfall ends up making him the noblest Roman of them all. When Brutus finally realizes his role in the destruction of Rome that was worse than he believed Caesar would have done, he then proceeds with his downfall. Farewell, good Strato Caesar, now be still I killed not thee with half so good a will (iiiii, IIIII, 50-51). His final words told his unbearable remorse feeling for Caesars death.Brutus killing himself is his actualization that it is nobler to commit suicide than become captured and dragged through Rome, and a noble man Brutus was. The fact that Brutus has heroic qualities and poor judgment, both make him the tragic hero of Julius Caesar. The way of Brutus showing his qualities is through hi s lust for power, his tragic flaw of being too noble and naive and finally his downfall (suicide). The legacy of heroes is the memory of a outstanding name, and the inheritance of a great example.

Cover Note Essay

The Relation of Science and Religion is a transcript of a talk foundn by Dr. Feyn firearm at the Caltech YMCA Lunch Forum on May 2, 1956. In this mount of specialization men who thoroughly cut match little field ar often incompetent to discuss an early(a). The nifty bothers of the relations between ace and a nonher picture of human activity have for this grounds been discussed less and less in public.When we look at the past great debates on these subjects we feel suspicious of those terms, for we should have liked the excitement of such argument. The old problems, such as the relation of development and religion, argon still with us, and I entrust present as difficult dilemmas as forever, hardly they atomic number 18 not often publicly discussed because of the limitations of specialization. But I have been interested in this problem for a huge time and would like to discuss it.In view of my precise evident lack of get it onledge and sense of religion (a lack w hich result grow more than appargonnt as we proceed), I lead formulate the discussion in this way I allow for suppose that not virtuoso man simply a group of men are discussing the problem, that the group consists of specialists in m some(prenominal) fields the unlike attainments, the various religions and so on and that we are going to discuss the problem from various sides, like a panel. apiece is to contribute his point of view, which whitethorn be molded and modified by the later discussion.Further, I conceive of that someone has been chosen by lot to be the beatning(a) to present his views, and I am he so chosen. I would start by presenting the panel with a problem A childlike man, brought up in a sacred family, studies a science, and as a result he follows to discredit and perchance later to dis weigh in his fathers God. Now, this is not an isolated example it make its time and time again. Although I have no statistics on this, I believe that galore(p ostnominal) scientists in fact, I genuinely believe that more than half of the scientists authentic bothy disbelieve in their fathers God that is, they foolt believe in a God in a conventional sense.Now, since the thought in a God is a profound feature of religion, this problem that I have selected points up around strongly the problem of the relation of science and religion. Why does this schoolboyish man come to disbelieve? The first state we might hear is very round-eyed You see, he is taught by scientists, and (as I have however pointed bring out) they are all atheists at heart, so the evil is spread from one to an some other. But if you quite a little treasure this view, I think you sack out less of science than I know of religion.Another resultant may be that a bittie knowledge is dangerous this young man has conveyed a little bit and thinks he knows it all, alone shortly he will grow out of this sophomoric sophistication and come to realize that the world is more complicated, and he will begin again to understand that there must(prenominal) be a God. I presumet think it is necessary that he come out of it. There are many scientists men who hope to call themselves mature who still founding fathert believe in God. In fact, as I would like to explain later, the answer is not that the young man thinks he knows it all it is the take in opposite.A third answer you might get is that this young man really doesnt understand science correctly. I do not believe that science can disprove the conception of God I think that is im doable. And if it is im possible, is not a belief in science and in a God an ordinary God of religion a ordered opening night? Yes, it is consistent. Despite the fact that I said that more than half of the scientists dont believe in God, many scientists do believe in both science and God, in a perfectly consistent way.But this consistency, although possible, is not easy to attain, and I would like to try to d iscuss two things Why it is not easy to attain, and whether it is worth attempting to attain it. When I say believe in God, of course, it is alship canal a irritate what is God? What I mean is the kind of personal God, characteristic of the western religions, to whom you pray and who has something to do with creating the man and guiding you in righteouss. For the scholar, when he learns about science, there are two sources of difficulty in stressful to weld science and religion together.The first source of difficulty is this that it is imperative in science to doubt it is absolutely necessary, for progress in science, to have doubtfulness as a fundamental part of your informal nature. To make progress in understanding we must remain modest and allow that we do not know. Nothing is sure or proved beyond all doubt. You investigate for curiosity, because it is unknown, not because you know the answer. And as you develop more tuition in the sciences, it is not that you are fin ding out the truth, but that you are finding out that this or that is more or less likely.That is, if we investigate further, we find that the statements of science are not of what is true and what is not true, but statements of what is known to different degrees of truety It is very much more likely that so and so is true than that it is not true or such and such is nearly received but there is still a little bit of doubt or at the other extreme rise up, we really dont know. Every one of the concepts of science is on a scale graduated somewhere between, but at neither end of, absolute falsity or absolute truth.It is necessary, I believe, to accept this idea, not solely for science, but also for other things it is of great apprize to acknowledge ignorance. It is a fact that when we make decisions in our life we dont necessarily know that we are making them correctly we only think that we are doing the beaver we can and that is what we should do. Attitude of dubiousness I think that when we know that we actually do live in unsettledty, then we ought to admit it it is of great economic value to realize that we do not know the answers to different questions.This attitude of mind this attitude of uncertainty is vital to the scientist, and it is this attitude of mind which the student must first acquire. It becomes a habit of thought. once acquired, one cannot retreat from it any more. What happens, then, is that the young man begins to doubt everything because he cannot have it as absolute truth. So the question changes a little bit from Is there a God? to How sure is it that there is a God? This very subtle change is a great stroke and represents a parting of the ways between science and religion.I do not believe a real scientist can ever believe in the same way again. Although there are scientists who believe in God, I do not believe that they think of God in the same way as affectionatenessual masses do. If they are consistent with their sc ience, I think that they say something like this to themselves I am almost certain there is a God. The doubt is very small. That is quite different from saying, I know that there is a God. I do not believe that a scientist can ever obtain that view that really religious understanding, that real knowledge that there is a God that absolute certainty which religious mickle have.Of course this process of doubt does not always start by attacking the question of the population of God. Usually special tenets, such as the question of an afterlife, or details of the religious doctrine, such as details of Christs life, come under scrutiny first. It is more interesting, however, to go right into the central problem in a frank way, and to discuss the more extreme view which doubts the existence of God. Once the question has been removed from the absolute, and gets to sliding on the scale of uncertainty, it may end up in very different positions.In many cases it comes out very close to bei ng certain. But on the other hand, for some, the net result of close scrutiny of the theory his father held of God may be the get hold of that it is almost certainly wrong. Belief in God and the facts of science That brings us to the second difficulty our student has in essay to weld science and religion Why does it often end up that the belief in God at least, the God of the religious type is considered to be very un rationalityable, very incredible?I think that the answer has to do with the scientific things the facts or partial facts that the man learns. For instance, the size of the universe is very impressive, with us on a tiny particle whirling around the sun, among a speed of light thousand million suns in this galaxy, itself among a billion galaxies. Again, there is the close relation of bio logical man to the animals, and of one form of life to another. Man is a latecomer in a vast evolving drama can the rest be but a scaffolding for his creation?Yet again, there a re the atoms of which all appears to be constructed, following immutable laws. Nothing can escape it the stars are made of the same stuff, and the animals are made of the same stuff, but in such complexity as to mysteriously appear awake(p) like man himself. It is a great adventure to contemplate the universe beyond man, to think of what it essence without man as it was for the great part of its long history, and as it is in the great majority of outs.When this butt view is finally attained, and the enigma and majesty of effect are appreciated, to then turn the objective center field back on man viewed as matter, to see life as part of the universal mystery of greatest depth, is to sense an experience which is rarely described. It usually ends in laughter, delight in the futility of trying to understand. These scientific views end in awe and mystery, lost at the edge in uncertainty, but they appear to be so deep and so impressive that the theory that it is all arranged simp ly as a stage for God to watch mans struggle for good and evil seems to be inadequate.So allow us suppose that this is the case of our particular student, and the conviction grows so that he believes that individual prayer, for example, is not heard. (I am not trying to disprove the reality of God I am trying to give you some idea of some sympathy for the reasons why many come to think that prayer is meaningless. ) Of course, as a result of this doubt, the pattern of doubting is turned next to honourable problems, because, in the religion which he learned, deterrent example problems were connected with the word of God, and if the God doesnt exist, what is his word?But rather surprisingly, I think, the deterrent example problems ultimately come out relatively unscathed at first perhaps the student may decide that a few little things were wrong, but he often reverses his opinion later, and ends with no basically different moral view. There seems to be a kind of independence in these ideas. In the end, it is possible to doubt the divinity of Christ, and yet to believe firmly that it is a good thing to do unto your live as you would have him do unto you.It is possible to have both these views at the same time and I would say that I hope you will find that my atheistic scientific colleagues often carry themselves well in society. Communism and the scientific viewpoint I would like to remark, in passing, since the word atheism is so closely connected with communism, that the communist views are the antithesis of the scientific, in the sense that in communism the answers are prone to all the questions political questions as well as moral ones without discussion and without doubt.The scientific viewpoint is the exact opposite of this that is, all questions must be doubted and discussed we must argue everything out observe things, check them, and so change them. The democratic government is much closer to this idea, because there is discussion and a chance of modification. matchless doesnt launch the ship in a definite direction. It is true that if you have a dictatorship of ideas, so that you know exactly what has to be true, you act very decisively, and it looks good for a while.But soon the ship is heading in the wrong direction, and no one can modify the direction any more. So the uncertainties of life in a democracy are, I think, much more consistent with science. Although science makes some impact on many religious ideas, it does not affect the moral content. Religion has many faces it answers all kinds of questions. First, for example, it answers questions about what things are, where they come from, what man is, what God is the properties of God, and so on. Let me call this the metaphysical purview of religion. It also tells us another thing how to behave.Leave out of this the idea of how to behave in certain ceremonies, and what rites to perform I mean it tells us how to behave in life in general, in a moral way. It gi ves answers to moral questions it gives a moral and ethical code. Let me call this the ethical aspect of religion. Now, we know that, even with moral determine granted, human beings are very weak they must be reminded of the moral values in order that they may be able to follow their consciences. It is not simply a matter of having a right conscience it is also a question of maintaining potence to do what you know is right.And it is necessary that religion give effectivity and comfort and the brainchild to follow these moral views. This is the inspirational aspect of religion. It gives inspiration not only for moral conduct it gives inspiration for the arts and for all kinds of great thoughts and actions as well. Interconnections These three aspects of religion are interconnected, and it is generally felt, in view of this close integration of ideas, that to attack one feature of the system is to attack the whole structure.The three aspects are connected more or less as follows The moral aspect, the moral code, is the word of God which involves us in a metaphysical question. indeed the inspiration comes because one is working the will of God one is for God partly one feels that one is with God. And this is a great inspiration because it brings ones actions in contact with the universe at large. So these three things are very well interconnected. The difficulty is this that science occasionally bookings with the first of the three categories the metaphysical aspect of religion. For instance, in the past there was an argument about whether the earth was the center of the universe whether the earth moved around the sun or stayed still. The result of all this was a terrible strife and difficulty, but it was finally resolved with religion retreating in this particular case. More recently there was a conflict over the question of whether man has animal ancestry. The result in many of these situations is a retreat of the religious metaphysical view, but nev ertheless, there is no collapse of the religion.And further, there seems to be no appreciable or fundamental change in the moral view. After all, the earth moves around the sun isnt it best to torn the other cheek? Does it make any difference whether the earth is standing still or moving around the son? We can expect conflict again. Science is developing and new things will be found out which will he in disagreement with the presentday metaphysical theory of certain religions. In fact, even with all the past retreats of religion, there is still real conflict for particular individuals when they learn about the science and they have heard about the religion.The thing has not been integrated very well there are real conflicts here and yet morals are not affected. As a matter of fact, the conflict is doubly difficult in this metaphysical region. Firstly, the facts may be in conflict, but even if the facts were not in conflict, the attitude is different. The spirit of uncertainty in s cience is an attitude toward the metaphysical questions that is quite different from the certainty and faith that is demanded in religion.There is definitely a conflict, I believe both in fact and in spirit over the metaphysical aspects of religion. In my opinion, it is not possible for religion to find a set of metaphysical ideas which will be guaranteed not to get into conflicts with an everadvancing and alwayschanging science which is going into an unknown. We dont know how to answer the questions it is impossible to find an answer which someday will not be found to be wrong.The difficulty arises because science and religion are both trying to answer questions in the same realm here. Science and moral questions On the other hand, I dont believe that a real conflict with science will arise in the ethical aspect, because I believe that moral questions are outside of the scientific realm. Let me give three or four arguments to show why I believe this. In the first place, there hav e been conflicts in the past between the scientific and the religious view about the metaphysical aspect and, nevertheless, the older moral views did not collapse, did not change.Second, there are good men who practice Christian ethics and who do not believe in the divinity of Christ. They find themselves in no inconsistency here. Thirdly, although I believe that from time to time scientific evidence is found which may be partially interpreted as giving some evidence of some particular aspect of the life of Christ, for example, or of other religious metaphysical ideas, it seems to me that there is no scientific evidence bearing on the golden rule. It seems to me that that is somehow different.Now, lets see if I can make a little philosophical explanation as to why it is different how science cannot affect the fundamental basis of morals. The typical human problem, and one whose answer religion aims to supply, is always of the following form Should I do this? Should we do this? Shou ld the government do this? To answer this question we can resolve it into two parts First If I do this, what will happen? and second Do I want that to happen?What would come of it of value of good? Now a question of the form If I do this, what will happen?is strictly scientific. As a matter of fact, science can be defined as a method for, and a body of information obtained by, trying to answer only questions which can be put into the form If I do this, what will happen? The technique of it, fundamentally, is Try it and see. Then you put together a large amount of information from such experiences. All scientists will agree that a question any question, philosophical or other which cannot be put into the form that can be tested by experiment (or, in simple terms, that cannot be put into the formIf I do this, what will happen?) is not a scientific question it is outside the realm of science. I claim that whether you want something to happen or not what value there is in the res ult, and how you judge the value of the result (which is the other end of the question Should I do this? ) must lie outside of science because it is not a question that you can answer only by knowing what happens you still have to judge what happens in a moral way.So, for this theoretical reason I think that there is a complete consistency between the moral view or the ethical aspect of religion and scientific information. Turning to the third aspect of religion the inspirational aspect brings me to the central question that I would like to present to this imaginary panel. The source of inspiration today for strength and for comfort in any religion is very closely knit with the metaphysical aspect that is, the inspiration comes from working for God, for obeying his will, feeling one with God.Emotional ties to the moral code based in this manner begin to be severely weakened when doubt, even a small amount of doubt, is expressed as to the existence of God so when the belief in God becomes uncertain, this particular method of obtaining inspiration fails. I dont know the answer to this central problem the problem of maintaining the real value of religion, as a source of strength and of courage to most men, while, at the same time, not requiring an absolute faith in the metaphysical aspects.The heritages of Western civilization Western civilization, it seems to me, stands by two great heritages. One is the scientific spirit of adventure the adventure into the unknown, an unknown which must be recognized as being unknown in order to be explored the demand that the unanswerable mysteries of the universe remain unanswered the attitude that all is uncertain to summarize it the humility of the intellect.The other great heritage is Christian ethics the basis of action on love, the brotherhood of all men, the value of the individual the humility of the spirit. These two heritages are logically, thoroughly consistent. But logic is not all one needs ones hea rt to follow an idea. If people are going back to religion, what are they going back to? Is the modern church a place to give comfort to a man who doubts Godmore, one who disbelieves in God?Is the modern church a place to give comfort and encouragement to the value of such doubts? So far, have we not drawn strength and comfort to maintain the one or the other of these consistent heritages in a way which attacks the values of the other? Is this unavoidable? How can we draw inspiration to support these two pillars of western civilization so that they may stand together in full vigor, mutually unafraid? Is this not the central problem of our time? I put it up to the panel for discussion.